Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Antibiotics (A Narrative Review)

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common bacterial infection worldwide and one of main etiological factors chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, stomach neoplasms. The mass application antibiotics without testing, especially during last years pandemic SARS-CoV-2, could lead to a dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance reduced effectiveness eradication regimens for H. infection. epidemiology still has unclear mechanisms. Antibiotic policy should be intensified optimize treatment, regular monitoring different geographical regions conducted. Individualized treatment according susceptibility testing strongly advisable, best selected. mutations genes encoding target protein are significant risk resistance. Iatrogenic errors diagnosis prescribing failure other important factors. low level awareness compliance with correct influence rate Epidemiological surveillance adoption new strategies needed. discovery an efficient vaccine against reduce pressure world’s growing